Pestle Analysis for Singapore Supermarket - 1011 Words

Issue | Impact on Business | Political | * To facilitate the take-off of e-commerce in Singapore, the Government has been putting in place a supportive legal and policy framework. For example, the Electronic Transaction Act, passed in Jul 98, provides a favourable legal environment for safe and secure e-transactions. * The government provides direct subsidies and fiscal incentives to support companies embarking on e-commerce initiatives. One example of a direct subsidy program introduced is the eBusiness Industry Development Scheme (eBIDS), aimed at encouraging companies that already have existing e-commerce capabilities to further expand the scale and scope of their e-commerce activities. eBIDS cofunds companies’ investment in†¦show more content†¦By most indicators, Singapore has also achieved among the highest rates of penetration of ICT and Internet usage in Asia, reaching levels comparable to the United States and Scandinavian countries in some cases. | * S hopping online on a one-stop shop for your daily necessities and groceries will provide more convenience for people in general and more importantly the elderly, who have less energy to shop outside at physical stores. Providing a timely delivery service together with an accommodating range of products beyond just food and beverage could prove very lucrative by tapping into a potentially new market. We can promote healthy options or organic variants for food categories and offer discounts to cater to and target the health conscious segment of the market. * E-grocery shopping will become an increasingly attractive option for those without cars due to its sheer convenience and the increasing proliferation of the internet among general consumers. | Environmental | * Corporate social responsibility is one of the key agendas in the government s efforts to brand our country as Sustainable Singapore . Sustainable development for Singapore moving forward together as an individual or a c ompany is defined as: * As efficient: we develop with less resources and waste * As clean: we develop without polluting our environment * As green: we develop while preserving greenery, waterways and our natural heritage *Show MoreRelatedPestle Analysis Essay example2031 Words   |  9 Pages1. Introduction to the assignment and summary of the selected business. This assignment is about the factors that influences the business environment in different ways. This is about environmental analysis which is dynamic process that comprises scanning, monitoring, disseminating and forecasting. There are different factors which influences the business in 21st century. Somehow these factors have impact on the business in favour of the business and sometimes have an adverseRead MoreStrategic Management - Eu Yan Sang Case Study8311 Words   |  34 Pages1. Past Performance Assessment 6 4. EXTERNAL ANALYSIS 7 4.1. Political 7 4.2. Economic 8 4.3. Social 8 4.4. Technological 8 4.5. Legal 9 4.6. Environmental 9 4.7. Conclusion of PESTLE Analysis 10 5. INTERNAL ANALYSIS 10 5.1. SWOT Anal ysis on Eu Yan Sang 10 5.2. Conclusion of SWOT Analysis 11 6. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 13 6.1. Key Success Factors 13 6.2. Michael Porter’s Generic and 5 Forces Analysis 15 6.3. Michael Porter’s 5 Forces Analysis 15 6.4. 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Acct 559 Quiz 1 Solution Free Essays

Quiz I (Chapters 1and 2) Date: Name: ID: Answer the following Questions: 1. Tower Inc. owns 30% of Yale Co. We will write a custom essay sample on Acct 559 Quiz 1 Solution or any similar topic only for you Order Now and applies the equity method. During the current year, Tower bought inventory costing $66,000 and then sold it to Yale for $120,000. At year-end, only $24,000 of merchandise was still being held by Yale. What amount of inter-company inventory profit must be deferred by Tower? A. $6,480 B. $3,240 C. $10,800 D. $16,200 E. $6,610 2. All of the following statements regarding the investment account using the equity method are true except A. The investment is recorded at cost B.Dividends received are reported as revenue C. Net income of investee increases the investment account D. Dividends received reduce the investment account E. Amortization of fair value over cost reduces the investment account 3. After allocating cost in excess of book value, which asset or liability would not be amortized over a useful life? A. Cost of goods sold B. Property, plant, equipment C. Patents D. Goodwill E. Bonds payable 4. A company should always use the equity method to account for an investment if A. it has the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating policies of the investee. B. it owns 30% of another company’s stock. C. it has a controlling interest (more than 50%) of another company’s stock. D. the investment was made primarily to earn a return on excess cash. E. it does not have the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating policies of the investee. 5. An upstream sale of inventory is a sale A. between subsidiaries owned by a common parent. B. with the transfer of goods scheduled by contract to occur on a specified future date. C. in which the goods are physically transported by boat from a subsidiary to its parent. D. ade by the investor to the investee. E. made by the investee to the investor. 6. In a situation where the investor exercises significant influence over the investee, which of the following entries is not actually posted to the books of the investor? 1) Debit to the Investment account and a Credit to the Equity in Investee Income account. 2) Debit to Cash (for dividends received from the investee) and a Credit to Dividend Revenue. 3) Debit to Cash (for dividends received from the investee) and a Credit to the Investment account. A. Entries 1 and 2 B. Entries 2 and 3 C. Entry 1 only D. Entry 2 only E. Entry 3 only 7. All of the following statements regarding the investment account using the equity method are true except A. The investment is recorded at cost B. Dividends received are reported as revenue C. Net income of investee increases the investment account D. Dividends received reduce the investment account E. Amortization of fair value over cost reduces the investment account 8. A company has been using the fair-value method to account for its investment. The company now has the ability to significantly control the investee and the equity method has been deemed appropriate. Which of the following statements is true? A. A cumulative effect change in accounting principle must occur B. A prospective change in accounting principle must occur C. A retrospective change in accounting principle must occur D. The investor will not receive future dividends from the investee E. Future dividends will continue to be recorded as revenue 9. A company has been using the equity method to account for its investment. The company sells shares and does not continue to have significant control. Which of the following statements is true? A. A cumulative effect change in accounting principle must occur B. A prospective change in accounting principle must occur C. A retrospective change in accounting principle must occur D. The investor will not receive future dividends from the investee E. Future dividends will continue to reduce the investment account 10. After allocating cost in excess of book value, which asset or liability would not be amortized over a useful life? A. Cost of goods sold B. Property, plant, equipment C. Patents D. Goodwill E. Bonds payable 11. How are stock issuance costs and direct combination costs treated in a business combination which is accounted for as an acquisition when the subsidiary will retain its incorporation? A. Stock issuance costs are a part of the acquisition costs and the direct combination costs are expensed B. Direct combination costs are a part of the acquisition costs and the stock issuance costs are a reduction to additional paid-in capital C. Direct combination costs are expensed and stock issuance costs are a reduction to additional paid-in capital D. Both are treated as part of the acquisition price E. Both are treated as a reduction to additional paid-in capital 12. Lisa Co. paid cash for all of the voting common stock of Victoria Corp. Victoria will continue to exist as a separate corporation. Entries for the consolidation of Lisa and Victoria would be recorded in A. A worksheet B. Lisa’s general journal C. Victoria’s general journal D. Victoria’s secret consolidation journal E. The general journals of both companies 13. At the date of an acquisition which is not a bargain purchase, the acquisition method A. Consolidates the subsidiary’s assets at fair value and the liabilities at book value B. Consolidates all subsidiary assets and liabilities at book value C. Consolidates all subsidiary assets and liabilities at fair value D. Consolidates current assets and liabilities at book value, long-term assets and liabilities at fair value E. Consolidates the subsidiary’s assets at book value and the liabilities at fair value 14. Which of the following statements is true regarding a statutory consolidation? A. The original companies dissolve while remaining as separate divisions of a newly created company B. Both companies remain in existence as legal corporations with one corporation now a subsidiary of the acquiring company C. The acquired company dissolves as a separate corporation and becomes a division of the acquiring company D. The acquiring company acquires the stock of the acquired company as an investment E. A statutory consolidation is no longer a legal option 15. In a transaction accounted for using the purchase method where cost is less than fair value which statement is true? A. Negative goodwill is recorded B. A deferred credit is recorded C. Long-term assets of the acquired company are reduced in proportion to their fair values. Any excess is recorded as a deferred credit D.Long-term assets of the acquired company are reduced in proportion to their fair values. Any excess is recorded as an extraordinary gain E. Long-term assets and liabilities of the acquired company are reduced in proportion to their fair values. Any excess is recorded as an extraordinary gain 16. In a purchase or acquisition where control is achieved, how would the land accounts of the parent and the land accounts of the subsidiary be combined? A. Entry A B. Entry B C. Entry C D. Entry D E. Entry E 17. In a pooling of interests, A. Revenues and expenses are consolidated for the entire fiscal year, even if the combination occurred late in the year B. Goodwill may be recognized C. Consolidation is accomplished using the fair values of both companies D. The transactions may involve the exchange of preferred stock or debt securities as well as common stock E. The transaction is properly regarded as an acquisition of one company by another Prior to being united in a business combination, Botkins Inc. and Volkerson Corp. had the following stockholders’ equity figures: Botkins issued 56,000 new shares of its common stock valued at $3. 5 per share for all of the outstanding stock of Volkerson. 18. Assume that Botkins acquired Volkerson as a purchase combination. Immediately afterwards, what are consolidated Additional Paid-In Capital and Retained Earnings, respectively? A. $133,000 and $360,000 B. $236,000 and $360,000 C. $130,000 and $360,000 D. $236,000 and $490,000 E. $133,000 and $490,000 19. Assume that Botkins and Volkerson were being joined in a pooling of interests and this occurred on January 1, 2000, using the same values given. Immediately afterwards, what is consolidated Additional Paid-In Capital? A. 138,000 B. $266,000 C. $130,000 D. $236,000 E. $135,000 20. Chapel Hill Company had common stock of $350,000 and retained earnings of $490,000. Blue Town Inc. had common stock of $700,000 and retained earnings of $980,000. On January 1, 2009, Blue Town issued 34,000 shares of common stock with a $12 par value and a $35 fair value for all of Chapel Hill Company’s outstanding common stock. This combination was accounted for as an acquisition. Immediately after the combination, what was the consolidated net assets? A. $2,520,000 B. $1,190,000 C. $1,680,000 D. $2,870,000 E. $2,030,000 How to cite Acct 559 Quiz 1 Solution, Essay examples

Global Branding

Question: Describe about the the process of global brand strategy development and regional implementation? Answer: The present article focuses on a recent topic on international marketing. As companies are using the advantage of globalization, global branding has become very popular form of marketing. The organizations are implementing best practices to make their brands alluring to the customers. It is important for the organization to formulate a particular strategy of global branding for the success of the particular brand (Moran, 2013). It is important for the organizations to have coordination between the home and host country in order to make a larger impact on the target audience. The impact of the similarity of the home and host country on the performance of the organization has been debated for a long period of time. The findings from the debate have been inconclusive. But many authors have concluded that the global performance of the small and medium sized firms depends on the strategic fit between its exploration and exploitation strategies which largely depends on the choice of the ho st country. The similarity between the home country and the host country has positive impact on the growth of the firm. The international performance of the home county depends on its strategic fit with the host country. The exploitation strategy has a positive impact on the performance of the home and host country. However it is seen that the exploration strategy has a negative impact on the International performance of the SMEs. Apart from the exploration and the exploitation strategies there are various factors that lead to the international success of the small and medium sized firms (Matanda Ewing, 2012). With globalization there has been convergence of the preferences of the consumers. This has increased the preference of the consumers to search for effective ways in which their product can make a position in the world wide competitive market. It is imperative for the organizations to use global branding strategies for the success of their business in order to maintain their profit margin. Co-ordination between the home and host countries is one of the important criteria for the success of the global branding (Hbswk.hbs.edu, 2015). In case of multinational organizations, the home countries should have a dynamic, interactive working relationship with the host country. The investment policies of the home country in global branding are affected by the international trade and industrial conditions. The socio political forces also affect the working relationship with the host country (Sinkovics Ghauri, 2009). In regard to this the OECD countries has taken several measures to break down the barriers between the home country and the host country. The policy in the host country is shaped by a number of domestic, political and market forces of the host country. In addition to the socio-political and the market forces, the internal climate affects the regulation and the market approach that is implemented by the host country. The interaction of the home and host country is predicated on the contingencies that are faced by both the parties (Ronkainen Czinkota, 2002). The success of global branding is possible is possible by ensuring strategic fit between the home and host country can be implemented using the Colemans classical formulation as the function of the parties mutual interest and control over the MNCs domestic production. The home country invests in the host country if it receives the following advantages in the host country. They are The host country should be able to offer employment and tax benefits. The host country will share the foreign trade or replacement of imports. The host country must be able to contribute to the domestic economic growth of the country. The available alternatives of the host country can be explored by the home country. The evaluation of the alternatives can be done by the comparison of the various alternatives. When the various companies in the host country offers comparable alternatives then the home country has less interest in starting business with the host country. Global branding has been used by various companies across multiple geographies for the expansion of the business. But global branding is subjected to regulatory policies of the host country. The control of the operation by the host country will also depend on the available alternatives of the home country. Competition among the various global brands has been profound (Holt, Quelch Taylor, 2004). The laws and regulation of the host country to control the operation exercised by the home country is known as the regulation policy. In exercising the regulation policies, the Government plays a major role. The market policy depends on the policies formulated by the Government. The intervention of the Government can also be characterized by the offensive defensive continuum. The offensive policy aims at maximizing the total national intake. The term total national intake is not restricted to the amount of taxes. It also includes other factors like the number of employees involved, transfer of new technology and stimulates the economic growth of the host country via exports (Zou Fu, 2011). There are various short run changes in the strategic position as a result of the offensive policy (Topics.nytimes.com, 2015). On the other hand, the defensive policies of the host countries are unpredictable and discontinuous in nature. The government of the host country undertakes defensive policies on the basis of the spectacular events like accidents in the industry, international tax manipulations and corruption that results in political reaction from the Government operating in the host country. The defensive policy is fundamentally non intervention policy (Brady, 2010).The companies like KFC , Mc Donalds , Pizza Hut , Dominos , LOreal , Lenovo has been successful worldwide by using effective strategies of branding that has converged the audiences and brought them to a single platform(The Economist, 2012). Globalization has opened up various avenues of the business worldwide and global branding has been one of the significant ways for the success of the business of the organization. References Brady, D. (2010). Essentials of international marketing. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. Hbswk.hbs.edu,. (2015). Articles About Marketing: Brand Management HBS Working Knowledge. Retrieved 4 February 2015, from https://hbswk.hbs.edu/topics/brandmanagement.html Holt, D., Quelch, J., Taylor, E. (2004). How Global Brands Compete. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved 4 February 2015, from https://hbr.org/2004/09/how-global-brands-compete Matanda, T., Ewing, M. (2012). The process of global brand strategy development and regional implementation. International Journal Of Research In Marketing, 29(1), 5-12. doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2011.11.002 Moran, G. (2013). 5 Strategies to Build a Global Brand. Entrepreneur. Retrieved 4 February 2015, from https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/226554 Ronkainen, I., Czinkota, M. (2002). Best practices in international marketing. Fort Worth: Harcourt College Publishers. Sinkovics, R., Ghauri, P. (2009). New challenges to international marketing. Bingley: Emerald Jai. The Economist,. (2012). Brand new. Retrieved 4 February 2015, from https://www.economist.com/node/21559894 Topics.nytimes.com,. (2015). International Trade and World Market (Trade Disputes). Retrieved 4 February 2015, from https://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/i/international_trade_and_world_market/index.html Zou, S., Fu, H. (2011). International marketing. Bingley: Emerald.

Uncitral Model Law Essay Example

Uncitral Model Law Essay Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal Volume 3 | Issue 3 Article 5 4-6-2012 UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation: From a Topic of Possible Discussion to Approval by the General Assembly Robert N. Dobbins Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons. pepperdine. edu/drlj Part of the Commercial Law Commons, Dispute Resolution and Arbitration Commons, International Law Commons, International Trade Commons, Legislation Commons, Other Law Commons, and the Remedies Commons Recommended Citation Dobbins, Robert N. 2003) UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation: From a Topic of Possible Discussion to Approval by the General Assembly , Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal: Vol. 3: Iss. 3, Article 5. Available at: http://digitalcommons. pepperdine. edu/drlj/vol3/iss3/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Law at Pepperdine Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal by an authorized administrator of Pepperdine Digital Commons. For more information, please contact Kevin. [emailprotected] du. Dobbins: UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation: From UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation: From a Topic of Possible Discussion to Approval by the General Assembly Robert N. Dobbins As has often been the case for this virtually unsung Commission of the United Nations, with little fanfare outside the United Nations earlier this year the General Assembly formally adopted the Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation (the Model Law) created by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL; also the Commission). We will write a custom essay sample on Uncitral Model Law specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Uncitral Model Law specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Uncitral Model Law specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Readers should not misconstrue the quietude as something indicative of insignificance. The Model Law is landmark legislation in this age of globalization, providing a solid foundation on which UN Member States and businesses can build international commercial relationships with the comfort of knowing that they can control the outcome of the inevitable future disputes. By no means a Pulitzer Prize winner, for those interested enough to inquire, the story of the creation of the Model Law is remarkable. The purpose of this Note is to give a snapshot of how, what began in the shadow of Arbitration as a possible work topic considered by the Commission . . . Conciliation, in the space of two and one-half years be- came the Model Law. As a secondary and intentional focus of this note, this author (conceding his own bias) hopes to allow the Secretariat of UNCITRAL to enjoy its well-deserved moment in the spotlight for its monumental efforts in the creation of the Model Law. In the first section of this Note, we will review the structure of the Secretariat the working arm of the Commission. Here we will also examine the Working Group the representatives of Member States and Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) who helped to craft the wording and the spirit of the Model Law. The second section will discuss some of the background to the actual process by which the Model Law went from the Commissions suggested 1. Report of the Working Group on Arbitration on the Work of Its Thirty-Second Session (Vienna, 20-31 March 2000), United Nations Commission on International Trade Law A/cn. 9/ 468 (10 April 2000) [Working Group Report 468J. Produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2003 1 Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal, Vol. 3 [2003], Iss. 3, Art. 5 work topic to approval by the General Assembly. In this section we will begin with a short introduction to the concept of a model law a uniform legislative text intended as a tool for stabilization in its assigned subject. We will also consider the shadow of arbitration from which the Model Law emerged and can be recognized as covering a subject conciliation wholly distinguishable from arbitration. In the third section, we will explore the evolution of the Model Law. We will follow the progress of what began as a possible topic for consideration and, after extensive debate, negotiations, and redrafting, found its way to the final draft. We conclude in the fourth section with a discussion of the final draft how, in one and one-half years, the Secretariat and the Working Group had developed the Model Law and readied it for delivery to the Commission. This section ends with the words of the General Assembly acknowledging the Commissions remarkable achievement as it adopted the Model Law. I. THE SECRETARIAT AND THE WORKING GROUP: WHERE THE WORK GETS DONE Based in the magnificent city of Vienna, Austria, the Secretariat is the hard-working arm of the Commission responsible for taking from idea to fruition the concepts identified by the Commission as important to international trade law. The Secretariats under-staffed senior lawyers from 2 several different countries, taking directions from the Working Groups, prepare the draft provisions and working paper reports for the Working Group. The Secretariat also delivers the Report of the Working Group to the Commission. The Commission entrusted the work on the Model Law to the Working Group on Arbitration (which later became the Working Group on Arbitration and Conciliation [the Working Group]) with directions to the Secretariat to prepare the necessary documentation. Besides the Secretariat, the Working Group participants occupy three tiers: States Members of the Commission; 3 States observers; 4 and, observers from interna2. With apologies to the Secretariat for what may appear to be short shrift, a full discussion of its valuable service is beyond the scope of this note. As of this writing, the Secretariat oversees six Working Groups, including Arbitration and Conciliation: Publicly Financed Infrastructure Projects; Transport Law; Electronic Commerce; Insolvency; and, Security Interests. 3. At its inception, these were: Austria, Cameroon, China, Colombia, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Honduras, India, Islamic Republic of Iran, Italy, Japan, Lithuania, Mexico, Nigeria, Russian Federation, Singapore, Spain, Sudan, Thailand, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America. ttp://digitalcommons. pepperdine. edu/drlj/vol3/iss3/5 2 Dobbins: UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation: From [Vol. 3: 529, 2003] PEPPERDINE DISPUTE RESOLUTION LAW JOURNAL tional organizations. 5 The Working Group met twice annually, once in Vienna and then in New York City. 6 The meetings are conducted quite formally: a Chair and Rapporteur are elected, an agenda adopted, and discussion among Working Group participants i s conducted by recognition from the Chair. Sessions are conducted in English with real time translations into French, Russian, Chinese, Arabic, and Spanish. All proceedings are recorded, except for the frequent and fascinating behind-the-scenes discussions held off the record. At the end of each days session, the Secretariat prepares comprehensive working paper reports of the proceedings, presents the reports to the translators, and has the reports ready for distribution before the next mornings session begins. Boiled down to their essence, the working paper reports state the proposed legislative provisions, including alternative wording, and reflect the Working Groups deliberations and conclusions had during the session regarding each provision and alternative. 7 The report serves as the starting point for the next days session, and the basis for the final report produced at the end of the two-week session. THE CONCEPT OF A MODEL LAW Before we examine the evolution of the Model Law, a brief explanation of the concept of a model law is useful. The term refers to a form of legislative text. The text is designed so that it can be adopted in total, without modification, by Member States legislatures, at which point it 4. The States Members sit on a rotating basis and, when not represented on the Commission, rotate into observer status. These were originally representatives from: Argentina, Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Indonesia, Lebanon, Morocco, Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and Venezuela. . Though no less active participants, the NGO-observers were: Economic Commission for Europe; NAFTA Article 2022 Advisory Committee; Permanent Court of Arbitration at the Hague; Cairo Regional Centre for International Commercial Arbitration; Chartered Institute of Arbitrators; International Chamber of Commerce (ICC); and the International Federation of Commercial Arbitration Institutions. 6. Most likely attributable to budge t constraints, the Working Group now meets only once per year. 7. For an example of this, go to www. uncitral. rg, click on travaux preparatoires,click on UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation, scroll down to Working Group Reports, then click on any or all of the four that are listed. Produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2003 3 Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal, Vol. 3 [2003], Iss. 3, Art. 5 would become the law of that State; hence the term model. The legislative provisions are crafted so that they can be adapted to fit within the Member States legislative and procedural framework. It can also be referred to in commercial contracts as the law to be applied in the event of a dispute. The underlying philosophy is to afford stability and advancement of international commerce through uniformity. 8 II. IN THE SHADOW OF ARBITRATIONP If you have been with us since the beginning of this note, you have twice read the phrase in the shadow of arbitration. Given its importance to the evolution of the Model Law, let us set this phrase in context. As noted above, the Working Group began as the Working Group on Arbitration. The States Members, States and NGO observers are, in large part, those who created the globally recognized and highly respected UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration. The Commissions view that conciliation may be merely an extension of international arbitration was apparent. It was thought that, the initial Commission Report states, even if ultimately no new uniform text would be prepared, an in-depth discussion by delegates from all major legal social and economic systems represented in the Commission, possibly with suggestions for un iform interpretation would be a useful contribution to 0 the practice of international commercial arbitration. 1 This arbitration shadow both fostered and framed the debate on the Model Laws provisions. Fortunately, Working Group participants comments made on and off the record provided continuing reminders that conciliation is and must be treated as a process fundamentally distinguishable from arbitration. 8. International commerce contemplates State-to-State transactions, State-to-private business transactions, and business-to-business transactions. In the right situation, the term can include business-to-consumer transactions. Each type of transaction occurs in the international arena, the term international ultimately being defined in the Model Law (see Article 1). 9. To review the Arbitration Model Law, go to www. uncitral. org, click on approved text, then click on UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration. You can also find there the Guide to Enactment, which discusses the letter and spirit of the model legislation. Note also, for examples, the NGO observers and the head of the United States delegation Howard Holtzman, considered to be an icon in (if not a founding father of) international commercial arbitration. 10. Working Group Report 468, supra, note 1. http://digitalcommons. pepperdine. edu/drlj/vol3/iss3/5 4 Dobbins: UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation: From [Vol. 3: 529, 2003] PEPPERDINE DISPUTE RESOLUTION LAW JOURNAL III. THE MODEL LAW EVOLVES We have a snapshot of the Secretariat and have been exposed to the make up of the Working Group. We have a notion of the concept of a model law and an understanding that the Model Law emerged from the shadow of arbitration. Let us look now at the Model Laws evolution. As a foundation for its considerations, the Working Group acknowledged the growing use of conciliation as a process of choice for resolving commercial disputes. Intending conciliation and mediation as synonymous terms, the Working Group confirmed . . . that the use of such non- contentious methods of dealing with disputes deserved to be promoted and that the work of the Commission in the area should be geared to such promotion. They also wanted the picture of conciliation to be painted with the broadest brush to encompass an array of proceedings where the parties sought assistance from an independent and impartial third person to help the disputants reach an amicable settlement. Confirming that the process contemplated was a non-binding method of dispute resolution, the Working Group recognized that procedural techniques used to facilitate settlement and the expressions used to refer to the proceedings (for example, mediation) may differ. Whatever the form of text to be prepared (legislative or non-legislative), and by whatever name the process might be called, the consensus was to limit the context to commercial disputes. Similarly, the Working Group was clear that the overriding proposition throughout their deliberations was that party autonomy throughout the dispute resolution process was paramount. The Working Group had as a backdrop the previously-adopted UNCITRAL Conciliation Rules. 2 Though more procedural, the Conciliation Rules provided a frame of reference for the Working Groups substantive considerations as it began development of the Model Laws structure. At the outset, concerns were raised regarding confidentiality of information disclosed by the parties during the proceeding. Couched in terms of admissibility of certain evidence in subsequent judicial or arbitral proceedings, the Working Group recognized this fundamental aspect of con11. Id. 12. UNCITRAL Conciliation Rules (1980); Resolution 35/52 Adopted by the General Assembly on 4 December 1980. Produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2003 5 Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal, Vol. 3 [2003], Iss. 3, Art. 5 ciliation. Their aim was to prevent a spillover of information into subsequent judicial or arbitration proceedings. As to cases where the parties have not agreed on a rule [governing confidentiality] the Working Group suggested, . . . he model provision should state that it was an implied term of an agreement to conciliate that the parties undertook not to rely in any subsequent arbitral or judicial proceedings on evidence of the types of facts to be specified in the model provision. 3 In their initial considerations, the Working Group was also concerned with issues relating to the role of the conciliator: could she subsequently serve as arbitrator, as a party representative in a subsequent proceeding, or as a witness in a later dispute? Other topics viewed as important included questions relating to enforceability of settlement agreements reached in conciliation; whether it was appropriate for a sitting arbitrator to assume a role of conciliator during the arbitration; what effect would proceeding with conciliation have on the running of limitation and prescription periods; should provisions be made that would treat conciliation agreements as binding; and, were there guiding principles of conciliation proceedings that needed to be articulated in any uniform provisions. There was also concern raised over whether the Working Group should attempt to draft a conciliators code of ethics . . . to build confidence in the conciliation process by distilling issues 4from the best traditions and openly enunciating standards of practice. Lest we lose sight of where we are, the preceding discussion in this section addressed only the starting point for the Working Group as of March 2000. As of this writing, we are a mere three years later, with the Model Law having been approved by the Commission and adopted by the General Assembly. When the Working Group met in March 2000, the Secretariat had not yet been given the task of beginning the draft legislative provisions. Working Group sessions only occurred approximately every six months, and the final draft of the Model Law was agreed upon in November 2001. In other words, in three sessions over a year and a half, the Working Group and the Secretariat met its Herculean challenge of creating the Model Law. To put this in context, after the March 2000 session, the Secretariat commenced drafting the initial legislative provisions. Over the ten days of the next Working Group meeting six months later, they debated the draft provisions, directing the Secretariat to make changes, additions, deletions, 13. 14. Working Group Report 468, supra note 1. Id. http://digitalcommons. pepperdine. edu/drlj/vol3/iss3/5 6 Dobbins: UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation: From [Vol. 3: 529, 2003] PEPPERDINE DISPUTE RESOLUTION LAW JOURNAL and providing insight into the philosophical and practical thinking upon which the provisions were based. The Secretariat then had only another six months to re-draft and have ready well in advance of the next Working Group meeting the working paper containing the revised provisions and the detailed discussion of the basis upon which these provisions were created. Moving forward to March 2001, again, a ten day extensive debate; again, daily preparation of reports; and again, a Report prepared by the Secretariat and adopted by the Working Group reflecting the progress on what had become apparent would be UNCITRALs next model law. In case the reader may think this authors use of the term Herculean was a bit melodramatic, let us not forget the Secretariats and Working Groups task. Think about it a moment: we are dealing with a concept neither generally recognized, understood, nor accepted as a means of resolving international commercial disputes. Working Group participants represent constituencies with as broad and diverse perspectives and experiences as are found in the global marketplace. On one end of the spectrum is the developing Third World Country, with little if any stabilized legal system let alone alternative dispute resolution procedures; on the other end, are the dominant and sophisticated economies of the US, the UK, and others. And, let us not overlook the impact of the NGOs perspective, and the influence from the shadow of arbitration. More than 50 participants trying to create a universally acceptable and uniform Model Law governing international commercial conciliation; melodramatic or not, the task was Herculean. The final version of the Model Law restructured, consolidated and removed provisions found in the first draft. 5 Party autonomy throughout the process continued to be a dominant theme. The development of confidentiality and the role of the conciliator reflected the importance to the Working Group of these two aspects of the Model Law. Refinements were made to assure a clear understanding of the concept of internationality, to guide the parties in their effort to determine the place for the conciliation proceeding, and to provide an expansive definition of conciliation to assure the broadest application of the Model Law. Significant debate was 15. For a more comprehensive review of the development of the final draft, see the Report of the Working Group on the Work of Its Thirty-Fifth Session; UNCITRAL document A/cn. 9/ 506. Produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2003 7 Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal, Vol. 3 [2003], Iss. 3, Art. 5 had on provisions designed to address the enforceability of settlement agreements borne of the conciliation. The Working Group had extensive discussions on the issue of if and how a conciliation would effect the running of the statute of limitations. In continued deference to assuring that parties control the conciliation process, provision was made for them to vary or exclude portions of the Model Law. Extensive discussion, drafting and re-drafting were had to address concerns about the use of information obtained during a conciliation in subsequent proceedings. And if there was not enough drafting and debate going on, the Secretariat, at the behest of the Working Group, also prepared its Guide to Enactment and Use of the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation. Finally, the Secretariat and the Working Group were ready for the final push. IV. THE FINAL DRAFT, ADOPTION BY THE COMMISSION THE IMPRIMATUR OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY The on-the-record debate is concluded, the discussion in the hallways and the quiet negotiations over lunch, dinner, cocktails are behind them, and the final draft Model Law meets the approval of the Working Group at the end of its November 2001 session. To get there, a drafting group met daily, often-times more than once and into the evening, working with the Secretariat to formulate language for the various provisions to be considered by the Working Group. During the time leading up to the eventful November session, the Secretariat prepared the draft Guide to Enactment and Use of the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation. As stated in its preamble, this comprehensive document was created as background and explanatory material. In large part derived from the travaux preparatoires, [t]he Guide explains why the provisions in the Model Law have been included as essential basic features of a statutory device designed to achieve the objec6 tives of the Model Law. 1 The Guide states, In preparing and adopting model legislative provisions on international commercial conciliation, the .. .Commission was mindful that such provisions would be a more effective tool for States modernizing their legislation if accompanied by background and explanatory information. The Commission was also aware of the likelihood that the model provisions would be used in a number of States with limited familiarity with conciliation as a method of dispute settlement. Primarily directed to executive branches of Governments 16. Draft Guide to Enactment and Use of the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation; A/cn. 9/514 (27 May 2002). http://digitalcommons. pepperdine. edu/drlj/vol3/iss3/5 8 Dobbins: UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation: From [Vol. 3: 529, 2003] PEPPERDINE DISPUTE RESOLUTION LAW JOURNAL and legislators preparing the necessary legislative revisions, the information provided in this Guide should also provide useful insight to other users of the text, including commer7 cial parties, practitioners, academics and judges. Prepared by the Secretariat, the Guide discusses issues left unsettled in the Model Law, recognizing that some provisions may need modifying to conform the Model Law to particular legal traditions and nuances of a State contemplating adoption of the Law. Following the Working Groups approval of the language for the final draft Model Law and the Guide to Enactment and Use, the Secretariat set upon the task of preparing the final Report o f the Working Group the vehicle by which the Model Law would be presented to the Commission. This included preparing the Compilation of comments by Governments and International Organizations, 18 these comments having been received after the Secretariat circulated the approved Draft Model Law. In June 2002, the Commission approved and adopted the Model Law and Guide to Enactment and Use as submitted in the Secretariats Report. From there, the Model Law found its way to and surmounted its last hurdle adoption by the General Assembly. At its 5 2 nd Plenary Meeting, 19 November 2002, the General Assembly adopted the following resolution, to which was annexed the approved Model Law: The General Assembly, Recognizing the value for international trade of methods for settling commercial disputes in which the parties in dispute request a third person or persons to assist them in their attempt to settle the dispute amicably, Noting that such dispute settlement methods, referred to by expressions such as conciliation and mediation and expressions of similar import, are increasingly used in international and domestic commercial practice as an alternative to litigation, Considering that the use of such dispute settlement methods results in significant benefits, such as reducing the instances where a dispute leads to the termination of a commercial relationship, facilitating the administration of international transactions by commercial parties and producing savings in the administration of justice by States, 17. 18. Id. UNCITRAL document A/cn. 9/513 Produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2003 9 Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal, Vol. 3 [2003], Iss. 3, Art. 5 Convinced that the establishment of model legislation on these methods that is acceptable to States with different legal, social and economic systems would contribute to the development of harmonious international economic relations, Noting with satisfaction the completion and adoption by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law of the Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation, Believing that the Model Law will significantly assist States in enhancing their legislation governing the use f modem conciliation or mediation techniques and in formulating such legislation where none currently exists, Noting that the preparation of the Model Law was the subject of due deliberation and extensive consultations with Governments and interested circles, Convinced that the Model Law, together with the Conciliation Rules r ecommended by the General Assembly in its resolution 35/52 of 4 December 1980, contributes significantly to the establishment of a harmonized legal framework for the fair and efficient settlement of disputes arising in international commercial relations, 1. Expresses its appreciation to the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law for completing and adopting the Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation, the text of which is contained in the annex to the present resolution, and for preparing the Guide to Enactment and Use of the Model Law; 2. Requests the Secretary-General to make all efforts to ensure that the Model Law, together with its Guide to Enactment, becomes generally known and available; 3. Recommends that all States give due consideration to the enactment of the Model Law, in view of the desirability of uniformity of the law of dispute settlement 9 procedures and the specific needs of international commercial conciliation practice. CONCLUSION The Model Law, as amplified by the Guide, gives testimony to the vision of the Commission, the Working Group and the Secretariat. The use of dispute resolution processes that empower the parties to find their own settlement especially conciliation or mediation is rapidly ascending. What this author has tried to do in this Note is give the reader a glimpse of development of the Model Law groundbreaking legislation of international magnitude that fundamentally contributes to stability in the global marketplace. It seems appropriate to conclude with the words from the presiding legal officer of the Secretariat. When asked about the Model Law, Jernej Sekolec commented, The UNCITRAL process provides universal applicability. The Model Law is prepared and approved by consensus of representatives from across the spectrum. In part, this makes the Model Law significant in international commercial dispute resolution. 19. Resolution adopted by the United Nations General Assembly; document A/res/57/18.

Russians And Bosnians Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Russians And Bosnians Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers Russians and Bosnians Historically and politically, the Bosnians and the Russians are a perfect match.This history started in the middle of the first thousand years A.D. when the tribes called the Southern Slavs migrated into the southeast area of Europe known as the Balkans. The Slav people as they are known, were separated from the Northern Slavs, that is, related Slavs in Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Russia, by the non-slavic tribes that settled the lands of Austria and Hungary. The Bosnians original ancestors were the Southern Slavs. They raided areas throught the Balkans including what is now modern day Serbia.This tribe eventually split up, mostly for religious and political reasons but also because the geography of the region is such that large groups of Slavs became separated and isolated from one another because of the difficult terrain. When religion came to the Balkans, where you were physically had as much to do with what religion you grew up with as other reasons. The Serbs who were closest to the Byzantine Empire geographically, took up the Eastern Orthodox Religion. The peoples in what is now Croatia, Slovinia and Bosina were infuenced by Rome and took up Roman Catholicisim. However, the Bosnians, who were alwasys being threathned politically by the Orthodox Christian Serbs as well as their Roman Catholic neighbors, by the fifteenth century had made apolitical decision to align themselves with the rising power of the Ottoman Empire, and converted to Islam. Russia, the country where most of the Southern Slavs came from had accepted the Eastern Orthodox religion at around the time the Serbs did. This religious bond between Russians and Serbs was very strong and the two groups supported one another for virtually their entire history up to and including modern times. The Serbs supported the Russians in almost all their wars and helped the Russians gain control of part of the Eastern Mediterraen from the Turks. This is why the Russians are deeply interested in this area and feel they have a special role to play in the current conflict. The Balkans are the reason that World War I had started. The Serbs of 1914 was as determined then, as they were for centuries, of preserving their independence in the Balkans. A wider war in the Balkans could risk the security of Europe, and possibly draw Moslen nations into the war. On a more imeadiate level, the reason for peace in Bosnia is so urgent is because cities, roads, bridges, have been destroyed in the conflict. A good example of this is Sarajevo, ( a major muslim city) that was known for its cultural mixture. It was the site of the 1988 winter olympics which welcomed hunreds of atlethes from all over the globe. The city is on the Bosinian-Serb border and has been shelled by both sides in the war. However, a far more important reason is to prevent this local war from starting a wider confrontation that would risk the security of Europe, and possibly draw in Moslem nations to support the Muslims in Bosnia. Russian soldiers are going to be among the troops keeping peace in Sarajevo as well as in other towns in Bosnia. The rusians are trying to improve relations with the U. S. and are doing so by working with the U.S. on keeping peace in the Balkans. Both President Yeltsin of Russia and Clinton Of the U.S., have met several times over this issue. They decide that a good way to improve rlations betwen the two countries. Part of the debate over rusian troops betwen Russia and the U.S. was who mwould command the Russsian troops if they were sent. The Russians did not want teir troops under a NATO command because they thought that Nato was anti- Russian. Another topic of their debate was where were the Russian troops to be deployed. The russians wnated to be deployed in Bosnian Serb teritory, and the U.S. wanted them deployed in Bosnian Croat territory. Finally an agreement was reached. The Russians would send fifteenhundred troops to Bosnia. They were scheduled to arrive in mid-December 1995. Both sides agreed that the Russian troops would report to their own commander, General Leonti P. Shetsov. Shetsov had worked with

Fun Movie Titles in Japanese and English

Fun Movie Titles in Japanese and English The Japanese enjoy movies, eiga (æ˜  Ã§â€ »), very much. Unfortunately, it is a little bit expensive to see movies at the theater. It costs ~1800 yen for adults. Houga (é‚ ¦Ã§â€ ») are Japanese movies and youga (æ ´â€¹Ã§â€ ») are western movies. The famous Hollywood movie stars are popular in Japan as well. Girls love Reonarudo Dikapurio (Leonard Dicaprio) or Braddo Pitto (Brad Pitt), and they want to be like Juria Robaatsu (Julia Roberts). Their names are pronounced in a Japanese style because there are some English sounds that dont exist in Japanese (e.g. l, r, w). These foreign names are written in katakana. If you have ever had a chance to watch Japanese TV, you might be surprised to see these actors quite often in TV commercials, something you will almost never see in North America.   Japanese Movie Translations Some youga titles are literally translated like Eden no higashi (East of Eden) and Toubousha (The Fugitive). Some use English words as they are, though the pronunciation is slightly changed to the Japanese pronunciation. Rokkii (Rocky), Faago (Fargo), and Taitanikku (Titanic) are just a few examples. These titles are written in katakana because they are English words. This type of translation seems to be on the increase. This is because borrowed English is everywhere and the Japanese are likely to know more English words than before. The Japanese title of Youve got mail is Yuu gotta meeru (You got mail), using English words. With the rapid growth of personal computer and email use, this phrase is familiar to the Japanese as well. However, there is a slight difference between these two titles. Why have is missing from the Japanese title? Unlike English, Japanese has no present perfect tense. (I have got, You have read etc.) There are only two tenses in Japanese: present and past. Therefore present perfect tense is not familiar and confusing to the Japanese, even to those who know English. Thats probably why have is taken away from the Japanese title. Using English words is an easy way to translate, but it is not always possible. After all, they are different languages and have different cultural backgrounds. When titles are translated into Japanese, they are sometimes turned into totally different ones. These translations are clever, funny, strange, or confusing. The word used most often in the translated movie titles is probably ai(æ„›) or koi (æ â€¹), which both mean love. Click this link to learn about the difference between ai and koi. Below are the titles including these words. Japanese titles first, then original English titles. Titles Japanese titles(Literal English translations) English titles Ai ga kowareru toki(When love is broken) Sleeping with the Enemy Ai ni mayotta toki (When lost in love) Something to Talk About Ai no sentaku(The choice of love) Dying Young Ai to iu na no giwaku(The suspicion named love) Final Analysis Ai to kanashimi no hate(The end of love and sorrow) Out of Africa Ai to seishun no tabidachi(The departure of love and youth) An Officer and A Gentleman Ai to shi no aida de(In between love and death) Dead Again Ai wa shizukesa no naka ni(Love is in the silence) Children of a Lesser God Eien no ai ni ikite(Living in the lasting love) Shadow Lands Koi ni ochitara(When falling in love) Mad Dog and Glory Koi no yukue(The place love has gone) The Fabulous Baker Boys Renai shousetsuka(A romance novel writer) As Good As It Gets The funny thing is there is no word love in all these English titles. Does love attract more attentions to the Japanese? Whether you like it or not, you cant ignore the Zero Zero Seven (007) series. They are popular in Japan as well. Did you know that in the 1967s You Only Live Twice, Jeimusu Bondo (James Bond) went to Japan? There were two Japanese Bond girls and the Bond car was a Toyota 2000 GT. The Japanese title of this series is Zero zero sebun wa nido shinu (007 dies twice), which is slightly different from the original title You Only Live Twice. It is amazing that it was shot in Japan in 60s. The views of Japan are not quiet right sometimes, however, you could almost enjoy it as a comedy. In fact, a few scenes were parodied in Oosutin Pawaazu (Austin Powers). We have had the lesson about yoji-jukugo (four character kanji compounds). Kiki-ippatsu (Ã¥  ±Ã¦ ©Å¸Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã© « ª) is one of them. It means in the nick of time and is written as below (see #1). Because 007 always escapes from danger at the last moment, this expression was used in the description for 007 movies. When it is written, one of the kanji characters (patsu é « ª) is replaced witha different kanji character (ç™ º) that has the same pronunciation (see #2). These phrases are both pronounced as kiki-ippatsu. However, the kanji patsu é « ª of #1 means hair which comes from to hang by hair, and #2 ç™ º means a shot from a gun. Phrase #2 was made up as a parodied word that has two meanings in botits reading and writing (007 escapes in the nick of time with his gun). Because of the movies popularity, some Japanese miswrite it as #2. (1)Ã¥  ±Ã¦ ©Å¸Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã© « ª(2)Ã¥  ±Ã¦ ©Å¸Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã§â„¢ º

Contract and Tort Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Contract and Tort - Case Study Example The court recognized the right only when there is a remedy on the principle Ubi remedium ibi jus, which means where there is remedy there is right. One had to search for the proper remedy that suits his right then only he could succeed. If there was no remedy there was no right and there is no case. By passage of time the complicated litigations coming before the courts necessitated to change the concept of law. Accordingly the concept of law was changed as Ubi jus ibi remedium, which means where there is right there is remedy. This concept enable the courts to see that if there is a right existing then it will decide what is the remedy. Right of the litigant is given prominence over the remedies to protect the rights effectively. Under the new concept the courts have provided a remedy whenever there has been unjustifiable interference with the rights of a person. When the law of contract is read strictly, we find the rights are restricted to its terms and conditions. The law recognizes the rights that are specifically created by a contract and ignores if that right is not covered in the terms of contract. And such rights created by the contract are limited to only the parties to the contract, a third party do not derive any right against any of the parties to the contract even though the loss is caused to him due to the negligence. It provides relief to the parties to the contact only, that too it is limited to the extent of monitory or economic loss. The law of contract see whether there is any breach of contract by either of the parties to the contract but non else. The remedies in law of contract are strictly connected with the terms and conditions of the contract entered into by the parties. Once all the terms and condition of the contract are fulfilled no cause of action arises to either parties, even though any inconvenience caused due to unjustifiable interference by the other party with in the terms and conditions. But the law says that no person can interfere unjustifiably with the rights of the other person. If that happens the court provides remedy not under the law of contract but under the law of tort. This is how the tort overcomes the restriction involved in strict reading of the law of contract. The law fills up the gap in the law of contract mostly in cases of negligence of one of parties to the contract due to which the other part causes mental agony or physical or mental loss in addition to the economic loss. Some time the party who is not a party to the contract too subjects to the mental agony or physical loss due to the negligence act of the any other parson. In certain situations the courts cannot find any remedy in the law of contract, but the law of tort fills up this gap and provides the remedy. Contract and Tort inter relationship[9]: Contract and Tort have interrelationship as far as the remedies are concerned. Plaintiffs are at a liberty to choose the remedy either in law of contract or in Tort. The law of contract is specific and remedies under contract are time consuming and costly when compared to the Tort. As discussed above sometimes remedy cannot be found in contact in such conditions the remedy lies in the Tort. Where a dispute consists of ingredients of both contract and Tort as well then the plaintiff is at a liberty to choose the action either under contract or under Tort. It means that mere existence of all the ingredients of Contract do

Abortion Term Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Abortion Term Paper - Essay Example The dominant reasons cited for procurement of abortions are broad and detail concern for or responsibility to other individuals; some women who procure an abortion assert that they cannot afford a child; others cite interference with school, work, or their capability to avail care for dependents while others dread of being a single parent or have problems with their husband or partner (Callahan 116). The discussion makes several clarifications, distinctions, and oppositions that propel the ethical considerations for or against abortion. The core question that manifests in this discussion encompasses two questions, namely: whether abortion is morally wrong. These are unique issues as not everything that is immoral can be regarded as essentially illegal. This essay develops a general argument dwelling on the claim that the vast majority of procured abortions are gravely immoral. Abortion infers the premature removal of a fetus from the Uterus prior to 28 weeks gestation, the random est ablished period of viability or prior to pregnancy reaching its full term. There are two forms of abortion, namely: miscarriage (spontaneous abortion) that happens mainly naturally, statistics indicates that close to 50% of pregnancies end in this manner (Callahan 117). Second, procured abortion encompasses intentional termination of the pregnancy mainly incorporating an operation to expel the fetus from the womb. Viability is entirely a relative term complete with value judgments, rather than a distinct descriptive entity. Although, abortion has over the years grown to become one of the most debate issues within bioethics, no moral consensus has been attained. The lingering debate on when abortions should be carried out, by what means, and the kinds on infants that should be saved demonstrate the complexity of the issue of abortion. The greatest difficulty presented, but abortion literature lies in spotlighting reliable philosophical and scientific arguments amid the dominating rhetorical manipulation (Bok 33). Academically, the issue of abortion centers on the balance between liberties both the mother, plus the baby. Theologically, the issue of abortion flows from two critical questions: 1) at what point is life considered beginning? (Whether at conception or birth); 2) if so, is it a sin to abort a fetus? The explanation suggested by the faiths detail that life commences at conception, and hence the baby is considered to be living from the conception (Monagle and Thomasma 17). Hence, it is a mortal sin (murder) to abort a fetus. The central argument that is mainly against abortion details that: the fetus is in essence an innocent person and it is morally wrong to terminate the life of a guiltless individual. Subsequently, it is morally wrong to terminate the life of a fetus. Some anti-abortionist will admit certain abortions such as abortion prior to implantation, or abortions procured the moment the life of the mother is threatened by a pregnancy, or abortion subsequent to a rape (Callahan 117). These cases of abortion may be considered to be morally permissible. B. The Moral Controversy Surrounding the Problem Public opinion on abortion can be categorized into three camps, namely: conservative, liberal, and moderate (or gradualist) all of which draws on both science and ethical thinking. Conservatives groups such as the Catholic Church perceive the fetus as a human being with full moral rights from conception onward. Conception in this case can be regarded as a critical point since this is the stage in which the embryo develops its distinct genetic code (Singer 189). Liberal approach, on the other hand, concedes that the fetus is

Different Interpretations of Taming of the Shrew Essay Example for Free

Different Interpretations of Taming of the Shrew Essay Since there are so many different adaptations of Taming of the Shrew, there are quite a lot of differences when you see it, then when you read it. Especially when you try to imagine the Wooing Scene, in Act 2 Scene 1. Here are a few main differences I noticed in two of the different adaptations I watched: * Gaudete Academy 2010 Production (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xaebQOnnHMU) * Petruchio was a little scared of Katherina when he first met her * Katherina was a lot more harsh, physically * Instead of dialogue with words, they made Petruchio speak and Katherina act with facial expressions and basically actions. Petruchio: You lie in faith. For you are called Kate. Plain Kate. Bonny Kate. And sometimes Kate the curst. (Katherina flicks him annoyingly) * Also Petruchio has long monologues, but instead they make Katherina respond with actions and not verbally. So Kate’s actions made it seem like dialogue * There is so much more physical abuse, than verbal abuse Petruchio: My super dainty Kate. (Katherina pushes him off the stage) * They change some words and sentences, so the audience understand the jokes and puns * A lot of interaction with the audience Petruchio: Take this of me, Kate of my consolation: Hearing thy†¦ hearing thy†¦ Uh, help? What’s that sir? *Harpy* Hearing thy Harpyishness praised in every town * Taming of the Shrew (1976) (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RdqOHvcD-VU) * Baptista acts a little evil when Petruchio asks for Kate’s hand in marriage * Petruchio acts a lot more rude, physically * Katherina struggles with Petruchio a lot more * Katherina seems weak, even from the start * Kate doesn’t argue as much as in the play * Petruchio over powers Kate a lot, instead of them being equally horrid * Petruchio adds more actions, so it adds more emphasis to the argument * Gremio’s line stands out more, than in the play script * Taming of the Shrew (CorkShakespeare) This one is very similar to the original play script, so not many points (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxtQKwHO6xU) * Most of the other adaptations points * Costumes were modernized * Petruchio is very forceful

Bone :: Biology

The epidemiology study in Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Scotland reported the incidence of fracture in 2000 which was 5,953 fractures in a population of 534,715 (11.3 in 1,000). (1) In general, the bone has a physiologic repairing process which consists of three basic steps; inflammation, proliferation and remodeling and the fracture can be healed spontaneously. (2) Failure of physiological regeneration of these steps which might cause the fracture nonunion. (3)This pathologic condition is one of the important complications after treatment fracture which occurs about 5-10% (Littenberg et al., 1998, Tzioupis and Giannoudis, 2007). It leads increase cost for further treatments and morbidity of the patients. (5) Moreover, the standard treatment, surgeon has to harvest the bone graft from the iliac crest and the patient also have a major second operation, for example decorticated bone, make the non union site bleeding and apply the bone graft. (6) There is a report that harvesting bone g raft from iliac crest can lead the painful scar and numbness around the harvest site and affect quality of life of the patient(Schwartz et al., 2009). Fortunately, nonunion can be prevented by many procedures, good surgical technique and proper implanted selection. (8) Minimally invasive (MIS) technique becomes more popular and there are many developed modern instruments which are friendly and easy usable. The advantage of the development is less tissue traumatized procedure which can preserve the biologic around the fracture site. (9) We can also prevent hypertrophic nonunion by providing an enough mechanic stability factor. (10) However, the high energy trauma as well as severe open fracture can make devastation of the soft tissue around the fracture site and might impair the biologic requirement for fracture healing .(11)And in this circumstance; the prevention by using MIS technique or even more strong stability implant cannot preventable because the soft tissue have loosen befo re treatment. Eventually, the atrophic nonunion might occur due to impair of the biologic component. (12) It is, thus, reasonable to augment with the biologic component for enhance and prevent bone healing in high risk case. The biologic part to support bone healing is consisted of the mediator part such as growth factors or cytokines and cellular part which are involved and orchestrated in fracture healing process. (13) Recently, promote and enhance healing process by difference kinds of mediator have been studied and reported. Interleukin, BMP, VEGF and bone stimulating mediator have positive effect for fracture healing and BMP2 and BMP7 have been accepted for treatment as the biologic stimulated in Human.

Merger and Acquisition a Survival Strategy in Business

Braiding is more than a hairstyle – it’s a cultural tradition that cuts across racial, social, economic, and geographic lines. Hair Braiding in Africa Ancient African hair braiding patterns reveal a variety of complex geometrical designs, which often pointed to characteristics of the wearer. Identity Status Religion Age Ethnicity kinship Hair Braiding in Egypt In ancient Egypt, braiding was reserved for royalty and for ceremonial rituals like weddings.Hair Braiding in America Historically, most Native American women and children wore braids to signify things: Whether a woman was married or unmarried women was based on the braids she wore. Braiding was also performed for religious rituals. Native American men wore braids with feathers, fur, leather, or beads to prepare for war. Hair Braiding in Europe According to Medieval and Renaissance artwork, upper-class women were revealed by elaborate braids and styles.Simpler braids were often chosen by common women for functiona l purposes – to keep hair cleaner between baths and to keep hair out of the way while cooking, cleaning, and performing other daily chores. The Braid Breakdown There are hundreds of different types of braids, including French braids, English braids, Dutch braids, Swiss braids, multi-strand braids, crown braids, etc. – all of them â€Å"twists† on the traditional style. Currently, 11 states have imposed a specialized license for hair braiders, and seven states require braiders to obtain a full cosmetology license.Ten states specifically exempt hair braiders from cosmetology licensing laws, and in the other 22 states, the law remains silent on the issue. We loved when Dorothy brought her braid to Oz, but no movie has made braids more famous than â€Å"Return of the Jedi† did. Who could resist Princess Leia’s many braided do’s? When your hair is divided into even rectangular or triangular sections all over your head, with the hair in each secti on twisted together and wound into a protruding knot, the style is known as African knots or Zulu knots in the U.S. In Africa, however, the style is called â€Å"chicken poop. † In the 2005 playoffs, NBA forward Vladimir Radmanovic made more headlines for his hair than for his performance on the court. His reason for going braided? He just wanted to get the hair out of his eyes. According to South African research published in the British Journal of Dermatology in 2007, tight hair braiding, especially when combined with hair-straightening chemicals, can lead to permanent bald patches and severe acne on the scalp.Yikes! In 2010, a 4-year-old was suspended from pre-K in his suburban Dallas school district because his hair was too long. The school board’s compromise that he could braid his hair and pin it up? REJECTED. |Hair braiding is an ancient art, practiced by the Ancient Egyptians as long ago as 4000 BC. |[pic] | |Today it has become a â€Å"hot â€Å" fashion tre nd with many styles, weaves and colorful ornamental | | |beads.Not only women but also men have embraced this beautiful art, creating color and style | | |beyond our ancestors wildest dreams. | | | | | |How and where did braiding begin? Hair braiding, as we know it today has its origins in West | | |Africa.The different and often complex designs signify the social status, age group and village| | |a girl has come from. The braid patterns are made up of different geometrical patterns and can | | |become quite complex for special occasions, such as marriages. | | | | | |Braiding is traditionally a social art.Because of the time it takes to braid hair the women | | |took time to socialize while braiding and having their hair done. It begins with the elders | | |making simple knots and braids for younger children. Older children watch and learn from them, | | |start practicing on younger girls and eventually learn the traditional designs. Here in America | | |you see mothers and grandmo thers braiding and putting colorful beads in little children’s hair. | |This carries on a the tradition of bonding between elders and the new generation. | | | | | |The difference between ancient and modern braiding: Nowadays, as well as the colorful beads and | | |intricate designs of our ancestors, hair weaving has become part of the traditional braiding | | |technique. This opens the door to a whole new assortment of styles and looks.The Hip Hop | | |industry has taken hair braiding and weaving to a whole new level of popularity and style, | | |allowing people from all walks of life to enjoy creating a fashion statement with hair braids | | |and weaves. Hair weaves range from real hair to a vast array of different colors and textures | | |made from synthetic hair.The traditional beads are also being developed into all sorts of | | |shapes and sizes. | | | | | |Hair Care for Braiding and Hair Weaving | | |When you decide to braid your hair or use hair weaves, your hair need s to be in good condition, | | |or you will experience breakage and damage.Your hair should have elasticity. This is a natural | | |condition of hair fibers and will be present in all hair that has not been chemically treated. | | |If you have used relaxers, bleaching, or perms, | | |these chemicals make your hair dry and brittle, it is very important to use good conditioners on| | |a regular basis to restore your hair’s natural elasticity.Be sure to discuss this with your | | |stylist, so that you can enjoy braiding styles without damaging your hair. | | | | | |Hair braiding and weaving can be quite costly, so it is essential to go to stylists who are | | |experienced and knowledgeable. Make an appointment with your stylist for a consultation, before | | |you have your hair done. | |Discuss what style is best for you, the cost and how to maintain your hair braids or weave. | | |Proper care of your hair when braiding and using hair weaves will prevent damage to your hair | | |and scalp. Hair braiding is one of the most versatile ways to style your hair and truly make | | |yourself unique, with this beautiful and ancient art form. | | [pic][pic] [pic]

Participation dance Essay

On Thursday October 28th at Cardinal Carter Academy of the Arts the grade twelve’s performed their ISU pieces in the theater. It was 3:30p. m after school hours. The piece I chose to critique was called, â€Å"Beyond the Reflection. † This piece was done to the song called Primavera. Adelaide Batuk, Julianna Bissessar and Jacalyn choreographed this piece. The dancers were Josephine Di Cosmo, P. J. Elisha, Melanie Ferrara, Lauren Paul and Chelsea Santoli. In the piece Beyond the Reflection, most of the choreography was contemporary style of dance. The female dancers wore white dresses with their hair down, each in a slightly different way. The male dancer wore a white shirt and black bottoms. This group used mirrors that hung from above the stage and hovered across centre stage. They also used black curtains that were hung over the mirrors at different times in the dance. This contemporary piece had five dancers; four girls and one boy. The piece had white lighting for most of the dance. It also has some blue lighting. The choreographer chose to use top lighting and side lighting, as well as floods and spot lights. The choreographers used many of the elements in their creative piece. They used energy, time, space and shape throughout their dance. The energy of this piece was calm but fierce. The music (primavera) was slow and soft but the dance moves were strong and powerful. The choreographers used a mixture of energy qualities. They used suspension various times in their dance. For example, the dancers did a grand battement to the front and held it in a continuous motion to second, where it then grew and was lowered. Another energy type that was used was swing. The dancers used this motion as they ran across the stage swinging their arms back and forth like a runner. They raised their arms and then used a fast motion on the way down due to gravity. Sustained was another energy quality used in this piece. One of the dancers forcefully threw her arms up high in front of her and then smoothed out the motion that continued to reach forward with a sudden burst of energy. Percussive moments were also shown through out the piece, with sharp arms and legs extending. Collapse was also used in this dance. When the dancers dropped to the floor and dropped their heads they were doing a collapsed movement. In the dance another element was used; this was time. The dance was completed in a 4/4 time signature and had accents on the down beats. The music was steady like a pulse in sections of the song and sub-diving pulse in other sections. The third element used in this piece was space. The dancers used many levels. High levels when they did a split leap, medium levels when they were standing straight and low levels when they dropped to the floor. The dancers were also given small movements such a hand rolls. They were also given medium and large movements when they ran across the stage and did various jumps. The last element that was used in the piece was shape. Many shapes were used. Spacing was either lines, scattered, or groups. The movements the dancers demonstrated were straight, curved, angular, symmetrical and asymmetrical. They used straight lines and straight legs on kicks. They used curved arms on pirouettes. Angular legs when they were bending low to form a strong stance. They also showed symmetrical positions in side jetes and asymmetrical movements as they ran across the stage. The piece Beyond the Reflection had many different ways of interpreting the piece. The choreographers demonstrated the struggles and hardships in a persons life. They choreographed movement that showed the battle of their insecurities and the people that will help them along the way. They wanted to do this piece because dancers struggle with this situation all the time. They never believe their good enough or can truly make it big, but the reality is that everyone can conquer through hard times and achieve miracles. The mood of this piece was powerful and uplifting even though the song was slower. The dancers used strong movements to show they can achieve anything and come threw and recognize the positive qualities they have. I thought this piece was presented beautifully. The dancers had great technique and also strong and passionate emotion, threw their steps and in their performance. The choreographers did a fantastic job with the choreography and the staging of the performance. I thought the costumes suited the piece and the mirrors were used apparently. The energy behind the piece and was incredible. I also really enjoyed the use of the male dancer. The three choreographers used him to his advantage and showed both males and females have life struggles and both can conquered them. This piece was very well done, and I think it was a strong and deep story line to perform apiece on. The lighting and staging was effective, as well as the movement used in this piece. I really enjoyed this piece and saw many creative movements throughout it.

10 Best Proposal Examples [With Critical Critiques]

10 Best Proposal Examples [With Critical Critiques] Earning more business starts most often with an effective proposal. Preparing a winning proposal means writing for the client and providing a clear, valuable solution to their problem. For every Request for Proposal (RFP), there are good and bad proposals. To understand how to improve your submissions, we have reviewed ten great examples. These examples are prepared by proposal software companies. All are free to view without registration. In this article, we will review these examples highlighting both the best practices used and common mistakes to avoid. If you are looking to create a winning business proposal for your company we suggest taking our proposal writing training course. 1. Digital Marketing Proposal This proposal is effective because it provides a clear, specific solution to the client’s problems. It opens with a value-oriented executive summary. The scope of services provides brief but informative summaries of the offered services. The very first paragraph states the specific benefits to the client. â€Å"... we are confident we can significantly increase your site traffic, customer engagement, and on-site conversions.† The timeline and the budget, persuasively phrased as ‘Your Investment’ are straightforward and easy for the client to understand and decide upon. The case study placement is a bit distracting, as it could be included near the end with the About Us section. 2. Financial Services Proposal The flow and content of this proposal are strong, with one significant exception: the About Us section. While the About Us and Team sections do add value, the client is most interested in the solution. If the solution is appropriate, then the people behind it are the next consideration. The first-page executive summary should be a convincing and specific overview for the reader. This section along with proposed service details, timelines and budget are read in depth. The About Us sections are simply skimmed. Whether using a software or your company’s template, present the client with the most important information first. Make it easy for the client to understand and see the value in your company's proposal. 3. Web Design Proposal This document clearly outlines the process for implementing the proposed services. The financials are broken down so the client can understand unit, hourly, and subscription costs. However, the About Us and Team sections come just after the introduction. Ensure the solution sections come first. 4. Engineering Services Proposal Here, the Project Background sections clearly outline the work process for the client. Each task is clarified and seems to respond to specifications of an RFP. Using client specifications to prepare a proposal makes it easier for the reader to understand how your solution directly solves their problem. This section is strong and should come just after the executive summary. However, the introductory summary should include more persuasive and specific language. As noted previously the Introduction and Team sections should fall towards the end of the proposal. Always lead with the benefit to the client. It’s not about your business. The focus should be how your business can help the client. 5. CRM Implementation Proposal The introduction or executive summary uses convincing language and bullet points to highlight the value. It could be improved by shifting the language from general CRM best practices to how the company can specifically offer them based on this proposal. Again, the About Us section should come after the proposal benefit-to-client details. 6. Freelance Writing Proposal A sleek web-based proposal that includes specific offerings and clarification of the value. The Introductory letter and Executive Summary have strong, persuasive elements that refer to specific client needs. These two elements could be combined to strengthen the first section. Again, the About Me should be presented after the solution.7. Insurance Services Proposal A brief proposal that covers a range of offerings. Nice overall use of white-space to allow the reader to skim and find the important information. The lengthy paragraphs could be shortened to increase readability and add to the white-space. Remember what we said about About Us? 8. Interior Design Proposal A visually compelling document suited for the industry. Bumping up the Project Showcase section would improve proposal flow.9. Graphic Design Proposal A simple but effective proposal. The introduction focuses on client needs (and would be more specific in a real-world document). Credentials, Testimonials, Selected Works should come after the Project Summary. 10. Project Management Proposal A thorough, understandable proposal that breaks down the process and pricing. The content highlights the company’s knowledge of client needs and their value proposition. However, the executive summary leaves much to be desired. Every sentence should be persuasive and specific, whereas this text is uninspiring and unclear. Conclusion Your proposal is your direct chance to win new business. Keep the client in mind in each step of proposal preparation. This strategy may mean revamping existing templates or starting fresh. Take the best parts of these examples, avoid the mistakes, and put your best foot forward to help the client.

Aspects Of City Life

Aspects Of City Life # 8211 ; Crime Essay, Research Paper Aspects of City Life # 8211 ; Crime. Different angles can be taken with respects to offense in the metropolis, and farther to this, the chief subject can be broken down into smaller countries. I have conducted two types of research ; Primary # 8211 ; Interviews etc. Secondary # 8211 ; Named Beginnings. The inquiry of offense and how it affects a metropolis is possibly best put to those people that have either lived in a metropolis all their lives ( therefore cognizing what the offense is like in the country ) , or to those that have moved to a metropolis from a town or small town ( therefore being able to do a comparing between the types of offense and their badness in the two home grounds ) . A metropolis, apart from holding a great trade more stores, civic and recreational comfortss, and dark life will besides hold many more people # 8211 ; people that need someplace to populate, intending huge sweeps of lodging estates and other residential countries. In Sunderland # 8217 ; s instance all of the above are true, and, as with many other metropoliss across the state it has a really big pupil population. There are two Centres of higher instruction in Sunderland # 8211 ; the university, and the college, both with big subscriptions. Although both have been established for a piece now, it was merely reasonably late that the old Polytechnic achieved university position. This has non merely increased the size of the university in footings of belongings but besides the figure of pupils go toing it. This therefore means that the overall size of Sunderland has increased, including the Numberss of stores, nines, recreational activities and besides houses. A great trade of people in Sunderland believe that their local saloons and nines have been # 8216 ; taken over # 8217 ; by pupils and at first there was a great trade of apprehensiveness and tenseness between locals and pupils, frequently ensuing in violent struggle. This still exists but to a much smaller ex collapsible shelter. However, something that can be connected with this is the mugging and burglary that happens to a little minority of pupils. Obviously offense occurs everyplace, no affair where you live, but pupils are seen as easy marks due to their exposure, every bit good as the fact that they have money and valuable ownerships. The badness of some of the onslaughts has been such that victims have needed extended infirmary intervention due to the hurts they have sustained. Security steps at certain halls of abode have been questioned after several onslaughts occurred in normally safe milieus. The most startling facet of violent offense in this country is that it still occurs, despite increased policing and advice to pupils sing how to forestall it. Certain territories are peculiarly unsafe and carry high degrees of offense, but the job can frequently be pin-pointed to persons, stealing out of despair for a assortment of grounds. This leads me to the chief point of my chosen subject. The focal point of my research will be upon offense against pupils, chiefly because I can utilize primary grounds ( several of my friends have been mugged ) and in a presentation, be it audio, ocular or both, it would, in my sentiment, be more shocking and at the same clip transport a preventive message. I have certain people in head to interview that have been victims of offense that will assist the presentation carry impact. The positions of the general populace would besides be valuable to my research and so I plan to transport out an independent study to detect the positions of local people. By making this it will intend that I am non taking one side or the other ( pupils or local occupants ) but an indifferent position upon offense in the local country, the grounds it occurs, and worsening state of affairss. It will be up to the audience to make up ones mind whether or non pupils are below the belt discriminated against, or whether locals justly take the jurisprudence into their ain custodies.

McDonald's Public Relations Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

McDonald's Public Relations - Case Study Example This organization need is what has evolved to Corporate Social Responsibility (Bardhan and Weaver, 2011). Corporate Social Responsibility is the attempt by an organization to address some of the emerging issues concerning their role in society. However, there have been debates on some organizations appear to circumvent this responsibility, regardless of corporate social responsibility requirement in social or legal terms (McKee and Lamb, 2009). This paper seeks to provide a comprehensive analysis of McDonald’s corporate social responsibility, as well as the organization’s ability to identify public relation opportunities and problems, and their reinvention from bad publicity. The growing public demand and awareness for socially responsibility businesses has prompted business organizations to consider corporate social responsibility. One of the international companies with a corporate social responsibility is McDonalds. McDonalds is the largest food chain in the world, s pecializing in hamburger. McDonalds considers corporate social responsibility as achieving results, maintaining open communication with customers and other stakeholders, and taking actions. As part of its framework for corporate social responsibility, McDonald’s works in association with its suppliers to ensure that its supply chain promotes socially responsible practices (Eyre & Littleton, 2012). According to its website, the organization has code of conduct purposely for its suppliers, which clearly stipulates how the suppliers should treat its customers (Aidoo, 2005). McDonald’s has had success in supporting suppliers phasing out gestation crates in the supply chain. The organization claims that about 50% of all contracted hog farms of Cargill use the new-generation system that do not incorporate gestation stalls. In 2007 for instance, the food chain giant embarked on sustainability projects with efforts of improving the working conditions for its farm workers in th e tomato industry in Florida. The result was an enhanced environmental practice in the agricultural supply chain of the organization and made the farm sustainable. Despite the fact that MacDonald’s buys about 1.5% of the tomatoes in Florida annually, the organization and the suppliers laid down the industry-leading growing standards, improving the working conditions in the farms and making the farm business sustainable (Sriramesh and Vercic, 2009). One of the indicators of MacDonald’s approach and its contribution to the communities is the Flagship Farms Initiative (FAI) in Europe. This particular program involves seven progressive farms that employ innovative farming practices in Europe, carrying out research on the ethical farming practices that incorporate into commercial farming systems. Another prime example is visible in the Sustainable Fisheries program, incorporating the Sustainable Fisheries Partnership. The program essentially lays down sustainable standards that stipulate McDonald’s worldwide purchases for wild-caught fish into making Fillet-o-Fish, thus making the relevant fishery business a sustainable business (Royle, 2005). McDonald’s also engages in donating some of its profit portion to corporate philanthropy as part of its corporate social responsibility. The organization donates to the communities through the Ronald McDonald House Charities, a foundation that aims to create, support, and find programs that improve

Investing in Human Assets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Investing in Human Assets - Essay Example It might be possible only if proper coordination within the employees of the organization might be seen resulting in the prospects of the firm. This is because; as human resource or employees act as the prime pillars of any organization so it is duty of the management to offer all types of basic facilities to them in order to make them happy and motivated towards work. Only then, the productivity of the organization might increase resulting in amplification of the profit margin and revenue among others. Therefore, it might be clearly stated that the productivity and image of the organization entirely depends on the hands of the human resource and so proper investment over human resource is essential. In this essay, the importance of investing in human resource of the organization is highlighted along with this the significant impact of RBV in making such investments in the fields of HR is also focused. Side by side, the ways by which RBV supports the competitive advantage of the orga nization. Along with five recommendations are also provided to make the implementation program successful in all regards. Importance of the Organization in Making Significant Investments in HR Organization is an association or group composed of employees of varied skills and talents. They are collectively recognized as the human resource of the organization. Human resource is the main part of an organization without which it might not function effectively. This is because it is the employees or the human resource who work for the betterment of the organization thereby enhancing its profit margin and revenues in the market among others. Other than this, the brand image and reputation of the organization is also due to the introduction of varied types of innovative products or services by the employees of the organization. Due to these products or services a large array of customers gets attracted towards it resulting in enhancement of the entire ROI. Thus it is also a duty of the org anizational management to work for the benefit of the employees to make them happy and retain them for a longer period of time. Thus it is a vice-versa process and if one side goes wrong then the entire process might fail (Wright, 1993). Each and every organizational management is commitment to make significant investment in enhancing the interior skills and talents by organizing varied types of training programs. This might prove effective for the employees in improving their job skills and abilities resulting in amplification of their performance level as well as productivity of the organization. It might also improve the dedication level and devotion towards their work resulting in amplification of organizational productivity and revenues (Mello, 2011). Apart from this, proper communication is also essential to improve organizational effectiveness and image in the market with the help of an efficient leader or manager. If the manager very easily mingles with the employees through interpersonal relationship and tries to understand their views and ideas regarding any plan or program then the entire revenue invested in recruiting him might become effective. This might reduce the risks of turnover rates along with the fear to lose good performers of the organizat